The polar bear debate is on again.
The Government of Nunavut* contends that the big white bears are thriving while the World Wildlife Federation, and other environmental groups have been pushing the Bush administration to list the bears as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act because global warming is destroying their habitat.
There are two issues for the Inuit and the bears: one economic and the other cultural.
The economic issue is easy to explain. The polar bear makes a great trophy so actually hunting and killing one is an active business in the high Arctic. This activity goes on in places like Resolute Bay.
Now in the summer Resolute and Devon Island may look like Mars but Resolute, at least, does have some nice hotels by Arctic standards ( a b ). Wonder why? It's not because of the NASA people that show up in the summer months but because it is the usual jump off point for checking out the North Pole and for those seeking a white carnivore trophy.
"Polar bear sports hunters spend about $2.9 million a year in Nunavut. Of that, about $1.5 million goes to Inuit in small communities such as Grise Fiord, Resolute Bay and Arctic Bay."
Jim Bell
March 9, 2007
Nunatsiaq News
The dollars may not seem like much to a Southern qallunaat** (a non-Inuit person), but, in Canada's really only true subsistence jurisdiction, a million or 2 bucks is a significant injection into some of the communities.
The cultural matter is more confused. The Inuit, in Canada, want to control their surroundings and don't want others destroying what they may have known. This is one reason the Inuit Circumpolar Conference (Canada) (ICC) was in D.C. recently making a case, before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, an arm of the Organization of American States, that climate change is a violation of Inuit human rights.
The ICCs petition to the Commission states:
"... the U.S. is violating the human rights of Inuit by refusing to sign any international treaties to cut its greenhouse gas emissions."
CBC
February 6, 2007
About the same time Watts-Cloutier, of the ICC, was laying out the case for human rights abuses for not implementing Kyoto, illustrated, partly, by detailing tales of shrinking and thinning ice, the government of Nunavut had a delegation in D.C. making a case that the white bear is not threatened and should not be considered an endangered species.
The Nunavut Minister of the Environment, in a statement on Friday, told the territorial Legislative Assembly:
"Mr. Speaker. We were in Washington, dealing with the Endangered Species Act with regard to polar bears.
They [the US] would like to put the polar bear on the endangered species list and we went down to talk with them and told them that they should not be put on the list. There were five of us that were against the States wanting to add them to [sic] the endangered species list. There were a lot of people that were against what we were trying to do down in Washington.
They don’t seem to understand what we’re trying to say, and they didn’t seem to want to pay any attention. Thank you."
Hon. Patterk Netser,
Nunavut's Minister of the Environment
Speaking in Inuktitut in the NU Legislative Assembly
March 8, 2007
The Canadian Inuit know their environment is changing and are concerned that what's left of their traditional way of life could be threatened and could disappear but they also don't want some outside government or organization to tell them what to do particularly in regard to their wildlife.
"Nancy Karetak-Lindell, an Inuit member of the House of Commons [representing Nunavut], called the effort by American environmentalists "a little intrusive and very disrespectful."
In an interview, she added that the bear hunt "is more than a way of life, it's a way of survival."
In Resolute, a snow-swept hamlet of shacks hugging a salty ice-packed Arctic channel, Inuit villagers hold an annual lottery to see who will get the permits to kill the local quota of 35 bears a year.
Fifteen of those bears will be consumed locally, as food and to make rugs, mattresses, wind pants and mittens. The 20 other permits are sold to American hunters.
Clifford Krauss
New York Times
May 27, 2006
It's an interesting dilemma, sort of, for the Inuit. One which could see Canadian Inuit allied with the oil industry in Alaska who also don't want to see the bears put on the endangered list as it will create development problems for them particularly if the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) is opened up for drilling.
This could also mean that Canadian Inuit may indirectly undermine:
"the Gwich’in, who include residents of Inuvik, Ft. McPherson and Tsiigehtchic in the Mackenzie River Delta, [who] fear oil drilling could imperil one of their key sources of country food: the Porcupine caribou herd.
The 200,000 caribou of the Porcupine herd roam across the Alaska-Canada border and constitute one of the largest remaining caribou populations in the world. In the summer, they calve in the narrow coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge — right where the proposed oil wells would be drilled."
Nunatsiaq News
January 19, 2001
The Board of Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated (NTI), the main birth right organization or the corporation that represents Nunavut Inuit under the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, passed a resolution opposing the listing of the bears and
"... demanded the American government use Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit in an assessment of polar bears to determine their current standing."
NTI Press Release
March 7, 2007
Unfortunately their press release went on to show a hint of the now common global warming deniers, or delusionists, if you prefer John Quiggin's new terminology, standard approach to handling attempts to do something - "its only a forecast, nothing conclusive, yet".
Raymond Ningeocheak, NTIs 2nd Vice-President, said, in justifying their stance on the bears:
“Much of the justification for the listing [of the bears as endangered] is based on a forecasted prediction of climate change and the depletion of sea ice, and incomplete scientific information on the western Hudson Bay polar bear population. They are speculating that there is a decline in the polar bear population,” said Ningeocheak. “Polar bears in Canada have shown a steady increase in number over the past 50 years. Furthermore, scientists know that polar bear populations are cyclical and fluctuate.”
NTI Press Release
March 7, 2007
I wish NTI hadn't gone that way. But who reads NTI press release?
The government of Nunavut on the other hand has consistently used Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (known as IQ for the phonetically challenged) as a tool in its determination of polar bear stocks and in setting quotas for the number of bears that can be killed in any year by local hunters and trappers. IQ is traditional knowledge - here's my simple explanation of my understanding of the concept: awareness of the minutiae of local physical circumstances and how they interact to effect survival. Currently in Nunavut IQ is gathered by chit-chatting with elders.
Using Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit at the beginning of 2005 the government increased the polar bear kill by 28% explicitly indicating that the number of bears had been increasing and not diminishing as most other government and NGO wildlife services were saying. This sent alarm bells ringing around the Northern pole countries about what maybe going on in the new territory in terms of managing wildlife. Subsequently the US Fish & Wildlife Service indicated they'd be checking how the territory arrived at its numbers:
A year after Nunavut increased its hunting quotas for polar bears, the United States government is going to review the numbers to see if any changes should be made to its trophy hunt policy for the territory.
American officials will take a close look at Nunavut's polar bear hunting quotas in a meeting with representatives of government, Inuit organizations and the scientific community in St. John's, NL next week.
The U.S. will use information gathered at the annual Polar Bear Technical Committee meeting to determine if bear populations now approved for U.S. trophy hunts are being managed properly.
"The Marine Mammals Protection Act requires that they be taken from populations that are managed sustainably and scientifically," says Peter Thomas of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Virginia.
CBC
February 6, 2006
Fast forward now to December 27, 2006 as the current US administration starts to get a bit green, least around the edges:
"The Bush administration has decided to propose listing the polar bear as threatened under the Endangered Species Act, putting the U.S. government on record as saying that global warming could drive one of the world's most recognizable animals out of existence.
.....
Identifying polar bears as threatened with extinction could have an enormous political and practical impact. As the world's largest bear and as an object of children's affection as well as Christmastime Coca-Cola commercials, the polar bear occupies an important place in the American psyche.
"We've reviewed all the available data that leads us to believe the sea ice the polar bear depends on has been receding," said the Interior official, who added that U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service officials have concluded that polar bears could be endangered within 45 years.
WaPo
December 27, 2006
So, where are we now? Who knows.
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*So what is Nunavut?
It's Canada's newest territory. Not a province, so it is not specifically defined in the Constitution. A child of the federal government so-to-speak. All its powers and responsibilities are laid out in federal legislation. The new territory was split off from what remains of the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999. The formation of the new territory stemmed from a land claims agreement between the federal government and the Inuit The territory is 85% Inuit but the government is public meaning there is no racial divide, everyone within the territory can vote and everyone can be an active participant in political life if they want, this is in contrasted to most First Nation (Indian) land claim agreements mainly implemented below the 60th parallel where membership in the racial group is an issue and voting rights are determined on a racial basis.
**qullunaat
As they met more foreigners, the Inuit began to see them as fellow humans, but different; the widely used Inuit word for white person is kabloona (derived from qallunaat), which means something like "eyebrow stomachs," probably a reaction to whites' hairy bodies by the almost hairless Inuit. Paul Theroux
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